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MST Standard 3 Math: Geometry
Through the integrated study of number sense and operations, algebra, geometry, measurement, and statistics and probability, students will:
  • understand the concepts of and become proficient with the skills of mathematics;
  • communicate and reason mathematically;
  • become problem solvers by using appropriate tools and strategies;
Communication
Students will organize and consolidate their mathematical thinking through communication.
  G.CM.1

Communicate verbally and in writing a correct, complete, coherent, and clear design (outline) and explanation for the steps used in solving a problem

 
  G.CM.2

Use mathematical representations to communicate with appropriate accuracy, including numerical tables, formulas, functions, equations, charts, graphs, and diagrams

       
Communication
Students will communicate their mathematical thinking coherently and clearly to peers, teachers, and others.
  G.CM.3

Present organized mathematical ideas with the use of appropriate standard notations, including the use of symbols and other representations when sharing an idea in verbal and written form

  G.CM.4

Explain relationships among different representations of a problem

  G.CM.5

Communicate logical arguments clearly, showing why a result makes sense and why the reasoning is valid

  G.CM.6

Support or reject arguments or questions raised by others about the correctness of mathematical work

 
       
Communication
Students will analyze and evaluate the mathematical thinking and strategies of others.
  G.CM.10

Use correct mathematical language in developing mathematical questions that elicit, extend, or challenge other students’ conjectures

  G.CM.7

Read and listen for logical understanding of mathematical thinking shared by other students

  G.CM.8

Reflect on strategies of others in relation to one’s own strategy

  G.CM.9

Formulate mathematical questions that elicit, extend, or challenge strategies, solutions, and/or conjectures of others

 
       
Communication
Students will use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely.
  G.CM.12

Draw conclusions about mathematical ideas through decoding, comprehension, and interpretation of mathematical visuals, symbols, and technical writing

  G.CM.11

Understand and use appropriate language, representations, and terminology when describing objects, relationships, mathematical solutions, and geometric diagrams

       
Connections
Students will recognize and use connections among mathematical ideas.
  G.CN.2

Understand the corresponding procedures for similar problems or mathematical concepts

 
  G.CN.1

Understand and make connections among multiple representations of the same mathematical idea

       
Connections
Students will understand how mathematical ideas interconnect and build on one another to produce a coherent whole.
  G.CN.4

Understand how concepts, procedures, and mathematical results in one area of mathematics can be used to solve problems in other areas of mathematics

 
  G.CN.3

Model situations mathematically, using representations to draw conclusions and formulate new situations

  G.CN.5

Understand how quantitative models connect to various physical models and representations

       
Connections
Students will recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside of mathematics.
  G.CN.7

Recognize and apply mathematical ideas to problem situations that develop outside of mathematics

  G.CN.8

Develop an appreciation for the historical development of mathematics

  G.CN.6

Recognize and apply mathematics to situations in the outside world

       
Geometry
Students will identify and justify geometric relationships, formally and informally.
Geometric Relationships
  G.G.1

Know and apply that if a line is perpendicular to each of two intersecting lines at their point of intersection, then the line is perpendicular to the plane determined by them

 
  G.G.2

Know and apply that through a given point there passes one and only one plane perpendicular to a given line

 
  G.G.3

Know and apply that through a given point there passes one and only one line perpendicular to a given plane

 
  G.G.4

Know and apply that two lines perpendicular to the same plane are coplanar

 
  G.G.5

Know and apply that two planes are perpendicular to each other if and only if one plane contains a line perpendicular to the second plane

 
  G.G.6

Know and apply that if a line is perpendicular to a plane, then any line perpendicular to the given line at its point of intersection with the given plane is in the given plane

 
  G.G.15

Apply the properties of a right circular cone, including:lateral area equals one-half the product of the slant height and the circumference of its basevolume is one-third the product of the area of its base and its altitude

 
  G.G.16

Apply the properties of a sphere, including:the intersection of a plane and a sphere is a circlea great circle is the largest circle that can be drawn on a spheretwo planes equidistant from the center of the sphere and intersecting the sphere do so in congruent circlessurface area is 4∏ r2volume is 4/3 ∏ r3

  G.G.14

Apply the properties of a cylinder, including:bases are congruentvolume equals the product of the area of the base and the altitudelateral area of a right circular cylinder equals the product of an altitude and the circumference of the base

 
  G.G.13

Apply the properties of a regular pyramid, including:lateral edges are congruentlateral faces are congruent isosceles trianglesvolume of a pyramid equals one-third the product of the area of the base and the altitude

  G.G.12

Know and apply that the volume of a prism is the product of the area of the base and the altitude

  G.G.11

Know and apply that two prisms have equal volumes if their bases have equal areas and their altitudes are equal

  G.G.10

Know and apply that the lateral edges of a prism are congruent and parallel

 
  G.G.9

Know and apply that if two planes are perpendicular to the same line, they are parallel

 
  G.G.8

Know and apply that if a plane intersects two parallel planes, then the intersection is two parallel lines

 
  G.G.7

Know and apply that if a line is perpendicular to a plane, then every plane containing the line is perpendicular to the given plane

 
       
Geometry
Students will use visualization and spatial reasoning to analyze characteristics and properties of geometric shapes.
Constructions
  G.G.20

Construct an equilateral triangle, using a straightedge and compass, and justify the construction

  G.G.19

Construct lines parallel (or perpendicular) to a given line through a given point, using a straightedge and compass, and justify the construction

  G.G.18

Construct the perpendicular bisector of a given segment, using a straightedge and compass, and justify the construction

  G.G.17

Construct a bisector of a given angle, using a straightedge and compass, and justify the construction

       
Geometry
Students will use visualization and spatial reasoning to analyze characteristics and properties of geometric shapes.
Locus
  G.G.23

Graph and solve compound loci in the coordinate plane

 
  G.G.22

Solve problems using compound loci

  G.G.21

Investigate and apply the concurrence of medians, altitudes, angle bisectors, and perpendicular bisectors of triangles

       
Geometry
Students will identify and justify geometric relationships formally and informally.
Informal and Formal Proofs
  G.G.52

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about arcs of a circle cut by two parallel lines

  G.G.53

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems regarding segments intersected by a circle:along two tangents from the same external pointalong two secants from the same external pointalong a tangent and a secant from the same external pointalong two intersecting chords of a given circle

  G.G.41

Justify that some quadrilaterals are parallelograms, rhombuses, rectangles, squares, or trapezoids

  G.G.42

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about geometric relationships, based on the properties of the line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of the triangle

  G.G.43

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about the centroid of a triangle, dividing each median into segments whose lengths are in the ratio 2:1

  G.G.44

Establish similarity of triangles, using the following theorems: AA, SAS, and SSS

  G.G.45

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about similar triangles

  G.G.46

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about proportional relationships among the segments of the sides of the triangle, given one or more lines parallel to one side of a triangle and intersecting the other two sides of the triangle

  G.G.47

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about mean proportionality:the altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the mean proportional between the two segments along the hypotenusethe altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle divides the hypotenuse so that either leg of the right triangle is the mean proportional between the hypotenuse and segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to that leg

  G.G.48

Investigate, justify, and apply the Pythagorean theorem and its converse

  G.G.49

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems regarding chords of a circle:perpendicular bisectors of chordsthe relative lengths of chords as compared to their distance from the center of the circle

  G.G.51

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about the arcs determined by the rays of angles formed by two lines intersecting a circle when the vertex is:inside the circle (two chords)on the circle (tangent and chord)outside the circle (two tangents, two secants, or tangent and secant)

  G.G.50

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about tangent lines to a circle:a perpendicular to the tangent at the point of tangencytwo tangents to a circle from the same external pointcommon tangents of two non-intersecting or tangent circles

  G.G.40

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about trapezoids (including isosceles trapezoids) involving their angles, sides, medians, and diagonals

  G.G.39

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about special parallelograms (rectangles, rhombuses, squares) involving their angles, sides, and diagonals

  G.G.38

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about parallelograms involving their angles, sides, and diagonals

  G.G.37

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about each interior and exterior angle measure of regular polygons

 
  G.G.25

Know and apply the conditions under which a compound statement (conjunction, disjunction, conditional, biconditional) is true

  G.G.26

Identify and write the inverse, converse, and contrapositive of a given conditional statement and note the logical equivalences

  G.G.27

Write a proof arguing from a given hypothesis to a given conclusion

  G.G.28

Determine the congruence of two triangles by using one of the five congruence techniques (SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS, HL), given sufficient information about the sides and/or angles of two congruent triangles

  G.G.29

Identify corresponding parts of congruent triangles

  G.G.30

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about the sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle

  G.G.31

Investigate, justify, and apply the isosceles triangle theorem and its converse

  G.G.35

Determine if two lines cut by a transversal are parallel, based on the measure of given pairs of angles formed by the transversal and the lines

 
  G.G.34

Determine either the longest side of a triangle given the three angle measures or the largest angle given the lengths of three sides of a triangle

  G.G.33

Investigate, justify, and apply the triangle inequality theorem

  G.G.32

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about geometric inequalities, using the exterior angle theorem

 
  G.G.24

Determine the negation of a statement and establish its truth value

  G.G.36

Investigate, justify, and apply theorems about the sum of the measures of the interior and exterior angles of polygons

       
Geometry
Students will apply transformations and symmetry to analyze problem solving situations.
Transformational Geometry
  G.G.61

Investigate, justify, and apply the analytical representations for translations, rotations about the origin of 90º and 180º, reflections over the lines x = 0, y = 0, and y = x, and dilations centered at the origin

  G.G.59

Investigate, justify, and apply the properties that remain invariant under similarities

  G.G.60

Identify specific similarities by observing orientation, numbers of invariant points, and/or parallelism

  G.G.58

Define, investigate, justify, and apply similarities (dilations and the composition of dilations and isometries)

  G.G.57

Justify geometric relationships (perpendicularity, parallelism, congruence) using transformational techniques (translations, rotations, reflections)

  G.G.56

Identify specific isometries by observing orientation, numbers of invariant points, and/or parallelism

  G.G.55

Investigate, justify, and apply the properties that remain invariant under translations, rotations, reflections, and glide reflections

  G.G.54

Define, investigate, justify, and apply isometries in the plane (rotations, reflections, translations, glide reflections)  Note: Use proper function notation.

       
Geometry
Students will apply coordinate geometry to analyze problem solving situations.
Coordinate Geometry
  G.G.74

Graph circles of the form (x - h )² + (j - k )² = r ²

 
  G.G.73

Find the center and radius of a circle, given the equation of the circle in center-radius form

  G.G.71

Write the equation of a circle, given its center and radius or given the endpoints of a diameter

  G.G.72

Write the equation of a circle, given its graph Note: The center is an ordered pair of integers and the radius is an integer.

  G.G.69

Investigate, justify, and apply the properties of triangles and quadrilaterals in the coordinate plane, using the distance, midpoint, and slope formulas

  G.G.70

Solve systems of equations involving one linear equation and one quadratic equation graphically

 
  G.G.68

Find the equation of a line that is the perpendicular bisector of a line segment, given the endpoints of the line segment

 
  G.G.67

Find the length of a line segment, given its endpoints

 
  G.G.66

Find the midpoint of a line segment, given its endpoints

 
  G.G.65

Find the equation of a line, given a point on the line and the equation of a line parallel to the desired line

 
  G.G.63

Determine whether two lines are parallel, perpendicular, or neither, given their equations

 
  G.G.64

Find the equation of a line, given a point on the line and the equation of a line perpendicular to the given line

 
  G.G.62

Find the slope of a perpendicular line, given the equation of a line

 
       
Problem Solving
Students will build new mathematical knowledge through problem solving.
  G.PS.1

Use a variety of problem solving strategies to understand new mathematical content

       
Problem Solving
Students will solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts.
  G.PS.2

Observe and explain patterns to formulate generalizations and conjectures

  G.PS.3

Use multiple representations to represent and explain problem situations (e.g., spatial, geometric, verbal, numeric, algebraic, and graphical representations)

       
Problem Solving
Students will apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve problems.
  G.PS.4

Construct various types of reasoning, arguments, justifications and methods of proof for problems

 
  G.PS.5

Choose an effective approach to solve a problem from a variety of strategies (numeric, graphic, algebraic)

  G.PS.6

Use a variety of strategies to extend solution methods to other problems

 
  G.PS.7

Work in collaboration with others to propose, critique, evaluate, and value alternative approaches to problem solving

       
Problem Solving
Students will monitor and reflect on the process of mathematical problem solving.
  G.PS.8

Determine information required to solve a problem, choose methods for obtaining the information, and define parameters for acceptable solutions.

 
  G.PS.9

Interpret solutions within the given constraints of a problem

  G.PS.10

Evaluate the relative efficiency of different representations and solution methods of a problem

       
Reasoning and Proof
Students will recognize reasoning and proof as fundamental aspects of mathematics.
  G.RP.1

Recognize that mathematical ideas can be supported by a variety of strategies

  G.RP.2

Recognize and verify, where appropriate, geometric relationships of perpendicularity, parallelism, congruence, and similarity, using algebraic strategies

       
Reasoning and Proof
Students will make and investigate mathematical conjectures.
  G.RP.3

Investigate and evaluate conjectures in mathematical terms, using mathematical strategies to reach a conclusion

       
Reasoning and Proof
Students will develop and evaluate mathematical arguments and proofs.
  G.RP.4

Provide correct mathematical arguments in response to other students’ conjectures, reasoning, and arguments

  G.RP.5

Present correct mathematical arguments in a variety of forms

  G.RP.6

Evaluate written arguments for validity

 
       
Reasoning and Proof
Students will select and use various types of reasoning and methods of proof.
  G.RP.7

Construct a proof using a variety of methods (e.g., deductive, analytic, transformational)

  G.RP.8

Devise ways to verify results or use counterexamples to refute incorrect statements

 
  G.RP.9

Apply inductive reasoning in making and supporting mathematical conjectures

       
Representation
Students will create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas.
  G.R.1

Use physical objects, diagrams, charts, tables, graphs, symbols, equations, or objects created using technology as representations of mathematical concepts

  G.R.2

Recognize, compare, and use an array of representational forms

  G.R.3

Use representation as a tool for exploring and understanding mathematical ideas

       
Representation
Students will select, apply, and translate among mathematical representations to solve problems.
  G.R.5

Investigate relationships between different representations and their impact on a given problem

  G.R.4

Select appropriate representations to solve problem situations

 
       
Representation
Students will use representations to model and interpret physical, social, and mathematical phenomena.
  G.R.8

Use mathematics to show and understand mathematical phenomena (e.g., use investigation, discovery, conjecture, reasoning, arguments, justification and proofs to validate that the two base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent)

  G.R.7

Use mathematics to show and understand social phenomena (e.g., determine if conclusions from another person’s argument have a logical foundation)

  G.R.6

Use mathematics to show and understand physical phenomena (e.g., determine the number of gallons of water in a fish tank)

       
 
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